Method and apparatus for welding and control thereof

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for welding includes one or more of a welding type power source, a feedback circuit, a wire feeder and a controller. The controller preferably has an eta control circuit responsive to the feedback. It also has a control loop having a response time responsive to the eta output. The controller detects whether or not the process is a fast-tack process, and controls the supply of power according to a first control scheme is the process is a fast-tack process, and according to a second control scheme if the process is not a fast-tack process. The controller sets the run-in wire feed speed as a percentage of weld wire feed speed, preferably obtaining the percentage from the weld wire feed speed potentiometer at start up. The controller enters a calibration mode at start up if a calibration pendant is attached and on. In the calibration mode calibration receiving values from the front panel potentiometers.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the art of welding powersupplies. More specifically, it relates to the control and/orcalibration of welding power supplies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are many known welding power supplies used for a variety ofwelding processes. Welding power supply or system for welding, as usedherein, includes one or more of the following components: a wire feeder,a power source or source of power, a torch or gun, a controller,including a wire feeder controller, and a power source controller tocontrol the various components (it may also exclude some of thesecomponents). The components may share a housing, or be in separatehousings.

Power source, or source of power, as used herein, includes the powercircuitry such as rectifiers, switches, transformers, SCRs, etc thatprocess and provide the output power. Controller, as used herein,includes digital and analog circuitry, discrete or integrated circuitry,microprocessors, DSPs, etc., software, hardware and firmware, located onone or more boards, and used to control a welding process, or a devicesuch as a power source or wire feeder.

The components of a welding power supply cooperate to produce a weldingoutput. Generally, the controller controls the other components suchthat the output parameters (welding current and/or voltage, wire feedspeed, etc.) are at a desired level, either set by the user or set bythe power supply for the type of process being used.

There are numerous control schemes currently being used. Typically, acontrol scheme includes receiving feedback, and controlling a commandsignal in response to that feedback. Feedback, as used herein, includesa signal indicative of or responsive to an output or intermediatesignal, which is provided to the controller and control decisions aremade in response thereto. Responsive to a parameter, as used herein,includes responding to changes in a value of the parameter or a functionof that parameter, such as changing the value of a control signal orother parameter, opening or closing a switch, etc.

Prior art controllers use any number of well known control schemes, suchas PID control, comparing a feedback signal to a threshold, open loopcontrol, etc. An example of a prior art control scheme is the controlscheme in the MM250®. That control is particularly well suited for MIGwelding.

The MM250® controller receives two user-selectable inputs, oneindicating desired welding voltage, and the other desired wire feedspeed. User-selectable, as used herein, includes the user setting anoperating parameter set point. The controller also receives feedback ofthese parameters, and compares the set points to the fedback backvalues. The difference between the set point and the fedback value, ordifference error, is integrated over time, and used to change commandssuch that the output tends to the set point.

One welding process is a short-arc process (and is performedparticularly well by the MM250® power supply). The process has an arcphase, in which the wire advances to the puddle faster than it is meltedby the arc. Eventually it reaches the puddle, and the process enters theshort phase. Current flow increases in this phase, until it causes amolten metal bridge between the weld puddle and the wire to be broken.This causes the short to be opened, and the process returns to the arcphase. The process alternates between the short and arc phases manytimes each second.

Prior art short arc-welding systems use voltage control in order tomaintain a relatively constant average arc length during-welding. Thismay consist of an open loop system in a constant voltage tappedtransformer machine or a voltage control loop. Control loop, open orclosed, as used herein, includes a portion of a controller that controlsin response to the value of a particular variable.

A prior art voltage control loop filters voltage feedback and comparesit to a user-selected voltage set point. The difference, or error,between the set point and actual voltage will result in an adjustment ofthe output of the welder in the appropriate direction to bring theactual arc voltage closer to the set point.

The amount of filtering of the voltage feedback signal, (or alternately,the error) affects response time and stability. Response time, as usedherein, includes the time it takes for a control loop to change thecontrol output in response to changes in a fed back variable. If thefiltering is excessive, the response time will be slow, and the outputof the machine will not be able to respond to changes in arc lengthquickly enough and the process may become unstable. If the response timeis too short, the intrinsic stability of the periodic molten puddleoscillations may be perturbed and the characteristic regular audiblefeedback from the process (a.k.a. ‘the buzz’) can be compromised.

The prior art has suggested that the variable eta may be useful incontrolling the welding process. Eta, as used herein, isTsht/(Tsht+Tarc), where Tsht is the length of time of a short circuitand Tarc is the length of time of the successive arc. Some prior artliterature suggests that the MIG welding process will be more stablewhen eta has a value between 0.2 and 0.3. However, prior art controlschemes, particularly those used for CV output, do not generally monitoreta, much less control in response to it.

Accordingly, a welding power supply that provides a fast response, yetavoids instability, is desirable. Additionally, a welding power supplythat determines eta, and controls in response to eta, is desirable.

Another welding process (which may be used with or without short arcwelding) is a fast-tack process. Fast-tack process, as used herein,includes a welding process consisting of successive short-duration arcsor welds, typically separated by trigger releases and re-triggering at anew location, or at the same location, whereby the process is a startand stop welding process. Such a process is often used to tack weld twocomponents prior to a more complete welding or bonding of them. Arc, asused herein, includes a single arc or a nunber of sequential arcs, suchas those in a fast-tack process.

MIG welding may be described as four fundamental sequential states:wait, run-in, weld, and burnback. During the wait state the controlleris waiting for a gun or torch trigger, which signals the users intent toweld. The transition to run-in begins when the trigger signal isreceived. During the run-in state the wire begins to move toward thebase metal and the power source produces open circuit voltage. Thetransition to the weld state occurs when current is detected (indicatingan arc or short has been established). During the weld state the wirefeeds at a constant speed, and the power source is regulated at aconstant voltage in order to maintain a steady arc length. Thetransition to burnback begins when the trigger signal indicates thetrigger has been released. During the burnback state the wire feed motorbrakes to stop the wire as quickly as possible, and the power sourcemaintains a constant voltage. As the wire feeder is braking, and thewire feed speed is decreasing, the output voltage ensures that the wirewill not stick into the freezing weld pool on the base metal. Thetransition back to the wait state occurs when a burnback timer expires.These states repeat with the next weld.

Some prior art systems used for fast-tack welding allow the operator toset the desired voltage and wire feed speed for the weld state. However,other parameters such as: wire teed speed during run-in; ramp to run-inwire feed speed (an acceleration parameter which determines how quicklythe run-in wire feed speed is achieved); ramp to weld wire feed speed(an acceleration parameter which determines how quickly the weld wirefeed speed is achieved); open circuit voltage (the output voltage fromthe power source during run-in); and burnback voltage (the outputvoltage from the power source during burnback) affect the weldingprocess.

These parameters (called auxiliary parameters) may be optimized toachieve a good start and stop for each weld. However, the values thatoptimize a particular start and stop depend on the condition (heat) ofthe base material and wire—and thus are different for fast-tack weldsthan for other welds.

Prior art controllers do not provide for user adjustment of theauxiliary parameters, and they are based on the user-set weld voltageand the user set wire feed speed settings. Unfortunately, becausewelding power supplies are usually-used for more than one process, theauxiliary parameters are not optimized for fast-tack welding, but ratherfor more typical welding processes (or set to a mid range that isperhaps adequate, but not optimal for many processes).

Accordingly, a welding system with a controller that senses when afast-tack process is being used, and adjusts parameters in responsethereto is desirable.

Some prior art welding applications set the run-in wire feed speed andthe weld wire feed speed using two separate potentiometers on thewelding power supply control panel. One potentiometer is used to set thewelding wire feed speed and the other potentiometer is used to set therun-in wire feed speed. Both settings are typically in inches perminute, and each setting is independent of the other. This controlscheme is simple and easy to implement. However, the operator mustchange two potentiometers in order to maintain the same ratio betweenthe two settings

Another prior art wire feed controller uses a single potentiometer toset both weld wire feed speed and run-in wire feed speed. Amicrocontroller (also called microprocesor) in the wire feed speedcontrol interprets the position of the control knob as indicating run-inwire feed speed under certain conditions—when power is applied to themachine and the trigger is engaged, e.g.

According to an algorithm initiated when power is applied to the machineand the trigger is engaged, if the control potentiometer is fullycounter clockwise, a run-in wire feed speed of 50 IPM is registered. Ifthe control potentiometer is fully clockwise, the run-in wire feed speedis the same as the weld wire feed speed. The position of the knob whenthe trigger is engaged other than at start-up indicates the weld wirefeed speed. This control is more difficult to implement, and the run-inwire feed speed is independent of the weld wire feed speed and the ratioof run-in to weld wire feed speed changes when the operator changes theweld wire feed speed.

Accordingly, a weld wire feed speed setting that is set as a percentageof weld wire feed speed is desirable. It will preferably use a singlepotentiometer.

Any control scheme needs accurately scaled inputs and outputs (commands)to accurately control a welding process. Prior art welding powersupplies scale the inputs and outputs by calibrating the control board,to compensate for tolerances in the components used.

Typically, potentiometers on the control board are adjusted at themanufacturer. One calibration technique is to adjust the front panelpotentiometer (user-selectable input) to a minimum value. Then, theoutput is measured and a control board potentiometer is adjusted untilthe output is the desired minimum output. For example, if the machineminimum output load voltage is supposed to be 14 volts, then theuser-adjustable potentiometer on the front panel is set to the minimum.If the measured output load voltage is 15 volts, the control boardcalibration potentiometer is adjusted to lower the output voltage to 14volts.

The process is repeated for the desired maximum output load voltage.Using two calibration potentiometers results in a slope calibration (theadjusted value is determined by a line equation). Other calibrations usetwo points other than the max and min, such as the max and mid-range.The control board calibration potentiometers may scale the feedbackinputs, or the command outputs. In addition to load voltage, wire feedspeed is also calibrated.

This calibration scheme is easy to implement, however the tolerance anddrift in the potentiometer used for calibration adds to the total errortolerance of the system. Also, the initial setting of a potentiometer isunknown and it is often-desirable to have a baseline, or starting point.

Accordingly, a welding power supply that may be calibrated such that thecalibration does not drift and add to the system error is desirable.Preferably, it will be able to store the calibration values, and be ableto provide them to the user.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the invention a system for weldingincludes a welding-type power source, a feedback circuit and acontroller. The power source has at least one control input and awelding-type output. The feedback circuit is responsive to thewelding-type output and has a feedback output. The controller has afeedback input connected to the feedback output, an eta control circuitresponsive to the feedback input, and an eta output. It also has atleast one control loop having a selectable response time, and a responsetime selector responsive to the eta output. A control output isconnected to the control input.

According to a second aspect of the invention a system for weldingincludes a welding-type power supply that has at least one control inputand a welding-type output. A feedback circuit is responsive to thewelding-type output, and has a feedback output. A controller has afeedback input connected to the feedback output of the feedback circuit,a voltage control loop responsive to the feedback input, and a temporalcontrol loop responsive to the feedback input. It has a control outputresponsive to that voltage control loop and the temporal control loop,connected to the control input.

According to a third aspect of the invention a welding-type power supplycontroller includes at least one feedback input, a voltage control loop,and an eta controller. The voltage control loop includes a voltagefeedback input connected to the feedback input, and an integrator withfirst and second feedback capacitors. A switch, with a switch controlinput, is in series with the second capacitor. The eta controller has aninput connected to the feedback input and an output connected to theswitch control input.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention a method of providingwelding power includes providing a welding-type power output, feedingback a parameter of the power output and controlling the welding-typepower in response to the feeding back using a voltage control loop and atemporal control loop.

According to a sixth aspect of the invention a method of controllingwelding-type power includes providing voltage feedback, integrating thedifference between a voltage feedback and a threshold using anintegrator with first and second capacitors in a feedback path,comparing eta to a window, and switching the second feedback capacitorin and out of the feedback path in response to comparing eta.

The control loop has at least two response times, or a plurality ofresponse times chosen from a range of response times in variousembodiments.

The power source is an SCR based, phase controlled, power source and/orthe controller is a microprocessor controller in other embodiments.

The feedback circuit includes a voltage feedback circuit, the responsetime selector includes an integrator responsive to an eta window, and/orthe control loop includes a voltage control loop and a temporal controlloop in alternative embodiments.

According to a seventh aspect of the invention a method of providingwelding power includes providing a welding-type output, and feeding backan output parameter. Eta is determined, and the welding-type output iscontrolled in response to the feeding back. A response time is selectedin response to eta.

According to an eighth aspect of the invention a system for weldingincludes a welding power source, a wire feeder, a feedback circuit, anda controller. The power source has at least one power source controlinput and a welding power output. The wire feeder is connected to thewelding power output and has a wire feed speed input. The feedbackcircuit is responsive to the welding power output, and has a feedbackoutput. The controller has a feedback input connected to the feedbackoutput and a fast-tack detect circuit responsive to a trigger signal. Italso has a speed control output responsive to the fast-tack detectcircuit, and in electrical communication with the wire feed speed input,and a power source control output responsive to the fast-tack detectcircuit, and in electrical communication with power source controlinput.

According to another aspect of the invention a method of weldingincludes supplying welding power to an arc, feeding wire to the arc,feeding back a signal responsive to the welding power, detecting whetheror not the process is a fast-tack process, controlling the supply ofpower according to a first control scheme if the process is a fast-tackprocess, and controlling the supply of power according to a secondcontrol scheme if the process is not a fast-tack process.

A fast-tack control circuit is disposed electrically between thefast-tack detect circuit and the power source control output, anddisposed electrically between the fast-tack detect circuit and thewire-feed speed output and a weld control circuit is disposedelectrically between the fast-tack detect circuit and the power sourcecontrol output and disposed electrically between the fast-tack detectcircuit and the wire-feed speed output in one alternative.

The power source control output includes a voltage command, including atleast one of an open circuit command and a burn back command, and thewire feed speed output includes a ramp to run-in command, and/or thefast-tack detect circuit includes a timer circuit responsive to atrigger signal in other embodiments.

An inductor winding is in electrical communication with the weldingpower output and an auxiliary winding is in magnetic and electricalcommunication with the inductor winding. A switch circuit is in serieswith the auxiliary winding, and the switch circuit is responsive to thefast-tack detect circuit in another embodiment.

According to yet another aspect of the invention a system for weldingincludes a welding power source, a wire feeder and a controller. Thewelding power source has a welding power output connected to the wirefeeder. The wire feeder has a speed control input connected to a speedcontrol output of the controller. The speed control output has a weldwire speed set point, and a run-in wire speed set point. The run-inspeed set point is a set percentage of the weld wire speed set point.

Another aspect of the invention is a method of welding that includesproviding welding power to an arc, feeding wire to the arc, controllingthe speed of the wire during a run-in state, and controlling the speedof the wire during a weld state. The run-in speed set is a setpercentage of the weld speed.

The set percentage is a user selectable percentage, and/or between 25percent and 150 percent in various alternatives.

The percentage is set using the weld wire feed speed input, and anenable signal in another alternative.

According to yet another aspect of the invention a welding-type powersupply includes a power source, a controller, and a user-selectableinput, such as a potentiometer. The controller is connected to the powersource, and has at least one set point input, and at least onecalibration input. The user-selectable input is connected to the atleast one set point input, and connected to at the least-one calibrationinput.

According to another aspect of the invention a method of calibrating awelding-type power supply, of the type having a user-selectable setpoint input, includes detecting whether or not the power supply is in acalibration node, receiving a value from the user-selectable set pointinput as a calibration value if the power supply is in the calibrationmode, and receiving a value from the user-selectable set point input asa set point value if the power supply is not in the calibration mode.

An input-selection circuit, connected to the controller, enables one ofthe calibration input and set point input, and disables the other of theset point input and calibration input. A user-selectable switch, such asa toggle switch, is connected to the input-selection circuit in otherembodiments

The controller is a microprocessor controller, and stores at least oneuser-selected calibration value received on the calibration input inanother embodiment.

Other principal features and advantages of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the followingdrawings, the detailed description and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 includes a controller constructed in accordance with thepreferred embodiment of one aspect of the invention;

FIG. 2 is timing diagram of a normal weld process;

FIG. 3 is a timing diagram of a fast-tack process;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a welding system in accordance with one aspect ofthe invention;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of a welding system in accordance with one aspect ofthe invention; and

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a welding system in accordance with one aspect ofthe invention.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail itis to be understood that the invention is not limited in its applicationto the details of construction and the arrangement of the components setforth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. Theinvention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced orcarried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that thephraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. Like referencenumerals are used to indicate like components.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

While the present invention will be illustrated with reference to aparticular welding power supply, used in a particular process, andimplemented with particular components, it should be understood at theoutset that the invention can also be implemented with other weldingpower supplies, other processes, and implemented with other components,software, hardware etc.

Generally, the various aspects of this invention will be described usinga MIG welding power supply, such as the Miller MM250® welding powersupply. This preferred embodiment includes a power source, a wirefeeder, and a controller, that may be housed in a single housing, or inmultiple housings. The controller may be on a single board, distributedon multiple boards, and a single housing, or distributed in multiplehousings. The controllers preferably are comprised of analog and digitalcircuitry, although they may be implemented exclusively with either.

One aspect of the invention relates to the response time of thecontroller. The control scheme determines the value of eta. If eta iswithin a desirable window, then the control scheme provides for arelatively slow response time because the process should be stable withsuch an eta. However, if eta is outside the desirable window, then thecontrol scheme provides for a faster response time because the processmay be, or may be becoming, unstable, and a rapid output change isneeded to bring the process back to a stable output. Window, as usedherein, refers to a range of values that includes the desired set pointand predetermined values both above and below the set point, notnecessarily symmetrically disposed about the set point.

Referring now to FIG. 1, the preferred embodiment implementing thisaspect of the invention is shown. A voltage/eta controller includes avoltage it receives on an input to a voltage feedback input through aresistor 103 and a voltage set point signal through a resistor 105.These signals are of opposite polarity, so that the difference betweenthem is applied to the input of the error amplifier 104. The feedbackcircuit of error amplifier 101 includes a feedback resistor 107, anotherfeedback resistor 108, and capacitors 110 and 111.

A switch 112 is provided in electrical communication with, andpreferably in series with, capacitor 111. Electrical communication with,as used herein, includes a connection wherein electrical signals and/orpower may be provided or received. In series with, as used herein,includes connected such all current flowing in a first component flowsin a second component, either directly or through intermediatecomponents.

The controller for switch 112 opens and closes switch 112 based on thevalue of eta, by providing the appropriate gate signal or switch controlinput. Switch, as used herein, includes one or more switches (digital,analog, software or mechanical) commonly controlled. Switch controlinput, is an input to a switch that at least partially determines thestate (on or off, e.g.) of the switch.

When switch 112 is closed, and capacitor 111 is in the feedback loop,the error amplifier has a slower response time, and thus the entirecontrol has a slow response time. Conversely, when the capacitor isswitched out of the feedback loop, the error amplifier has a fasterresponse time, and thus the entire control has a faster response time.Switch 112 is open when eta has a value outside of the desired window ofbetween 0.2 and 0.3.

Thus, it may be seen that the control has a slower response time whenthe process is stable (as indicated by eta being within the window ofthe 0.2 and 0.3), and, generally, the controller is a CV controller. Theoperation of the error circuit, other than the variable response time,is much like a typical error CV circuit. It includes an error amplifierreceiving a voltage feedback signal and a voltage set point of oppositepolarity. The difference between these two signals is amplified,integrated, and a command signal in response thereto, is provided as acontrol output, and received as a control input by the power source toadjust the output.

Control output, as used herein, includes an output used to control apower supply, such as a set point, gate signals, phase control signals,etc. Control input, as used herein, includes an input used to control apower supply, such as a set point, gate signals, phase control signals,etc.

The controller shown has two control loops: a voltage control loophaving voltage feedback, and a nested, temporal control loop having etaas the control variable. Voltage control loop, as used herein, includesa control loop that controls in response to the value of a voltagevariable. Temporal control loop, as used herein, includes a control loopthat controls in response to the value of a time-based variable.

The temporal loop may be considered having a response time selector,because it adjusts the response time of the voltage loop. Response timeselector, as used herein, includes a circuit that controls the responsetime of a control loop. The voltage loop has a selectable response time.Selectable, as used herein, includes being able to change a value orparameter to one of a plurality of values, or to a value in one or morecontinuum of values.

The controller also includes an eta control circuit 115, whichdetermines if eta is within the window, such as by using twocomparators, and provides an eta output that turns on and off switch112. Eta control circuit, as used herein, includes a control circuitthat provides an output responsive to eta. Eta output, as used herein,includes an output responsive to eta.

A feedback circuit 117 monitors the output voltage and provides afeedback output to a feedback input of the controller. The eta controlcircuit uses the voltage feedback to determine if the arc state is ashort or an arc. Feedback circuit, as used herein, includes a circuitthat provides a signal indicative of or responsive to an output orintermediate signal. Feedback input is an input on which a feedbacksignal is provided. Feedback output, as used herein, includes an outputindicative of the value of a fedback parameter.

Alternative embodiments include providing a different window, orproviding a response time that, rather than being selected from one oftwo values, it is within a range of response times. This may beaccomplished by varying the relative amount of time switch 112 isclosed, such as by pulse width modulation, or varying time on and timeoff etc. This provides a variable capacitance and a variable responsetime of any value within a range of values, or many discrete values.

Other embodiments provide for varying the response time using amicroprocessor controller or a digital controller, rather than theanalog controller of FIG. 1. Analog controller, as used herein, includesa controller that has at least a part of the controlling preformed usingan analog circuit. Digital controller, as used herein, includes acontroller that has at least a part of the controlling preformed usingan digital circuit. Microprocessor controller, as used herein, includesa controller that has at least a part of the controlling preformed usinga microprocessor. Circuit, as used herein, includes analog and/ordigital components, and/or a microprocessor and/or software or a portionthereof).

In other embodiments, the power supply is not a MIG power supply, butprovides a welding type output or welding-type power for anotherprocess. Welding-type output, as used herein, refers to an outputsuitable for welding, plasma cutting or induction heating. Welding-typepower as used herein, refers to welding, plasma or heating power.

Another aspect of this invention relates to control of a welding-typepower supply, such as the Miller MM250®, with respect to fast-tackwelding. Generally, the invention provides that the controller senseswhether or not the process is a fast-tack process. If the process is afast-tack process, then auxiliary weld parameters, such as wire feedspeed during run-in; ramp to run-in wire feed speed, ramp to weld wirefeed speed, open circuit voltage, and burnback voltage, are adjusted tobe more desirable for fast-tack welding. If it is not a fast-tackprocess, then the auxiliary parameters are set to values desirable fornormal welding.

The preferred embodiment changes the auxiliary parameters for fast-tackwelding (relative to their setting for normal welding). The ramp torun-in wire feed speed is faster, the open circuit voltage commandincreases at a steady rate until it is 14 volts above the welding voltcommand, the burnback voltage is the same as the volt command duringwelding (for normal welding its half the weld value). Additionally, anauxiliary winding anti-parallel with, and in magnetic communication withthe main output stabilizer could be provided for faster starts, andelectronically switched out of the circuit for the remaining parts ofthe weld. Magnetic communication, as used herein, includes a magneticconnection wherein a magnetic field influencing one winding, influencesthe other winding.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, timing charts for a normal weldingprocess (FIG. 2) and a fast-tack welding process (FIG. 3) may be seen.The wait period is much longer for normal welds, and the changes to someauxiliary commands, in accordance with the preferred embodiment asdescribed above, are shown.

FIG. 4 shows a welding power supply or system for welding 400implementing the preferred embodiment, that includes a welding powersource 401, a wire feeder 403, a feedback circuit 405 and a controller407 that cooperate to provide welding power to an arc 409, wherein theauxiliary parameters have different values for fast-tack welding thanfor normal welding.

Generally, power source 401 provides welding power to the arc, wirefeeder 403 feeds wire to the arc, feedback circuit 405 provides arcfeedback, and controller 407 controls the process. Power source 401 hasat least one power source control input in electrical communication witha power source control output on controller 407 and a welding poweroutput connected to a wire feeder 403. Wire feeder 403 also includes awire feed speed input in electrical communication with a speed controloutput on controller 407. Feedback circuit 405 is responsive to the arc,and provides a feedback output to a feedback input on controller 407.

Controller 407 is digital in the preferred embodiment, and includes afast-tack detect circuit 411 (preferably software implemented) thatreceives the trigger signal. Fast-tack detect circuit 411 includes atimer circuit and monitors the time between trigger pulls to determineif the process is a fast-tack process. Preferably it monitors successivetrigger pulls, and if they are less than 0.5 seconds apart thenfast-tack detect circuit 411 provides a signal indicating the process isa fast-tack process, or if welding is carried out for more than 1.0seconds, then it indicates a normal weld. Fast-tack detect circuit, asused herein, includes a circuit that detects whether or not a process isa fast-tack process. Alternatives include monitoring something otherthan trigger pulls, such as wire feed speed, or an output parameter, andmonitoring more than two trigger pulls.

Controller 407 also includes a fast-tack control circuit 413 disposedelectrically between the fast-tack detect circuit and the power sourcecontrol output, and disposed electrically between the fast-tack detectcircuit and the wire-feed-speed output. Fast-tack control circuit 413sets the power source control outputs and the wire feed-speed controloutput if a fast-tack process is detected. Fast-tack control circuit, asused herein, includes a controller that provides control outputsparticularly suited for a fast-tack process. Electrically between twocomponents, as used herein, includes being in a current path between thetwo components.

Specifically, fast-tack control circuit 413 (which is preferablysoftware that sets parameter values) sets the ramp to run-in value forthe speed control output to a fast-tack value if a fast-tack process isdetected. Ramp to run-in command, as used herein, includes a commandused to set the rate at which a wire feeder changes to a run-in speed.It also sets the burn back command, open circuit command and weldvoltage command to fast-tack values. Burn back command, as used herein,includes a command used to set the burn back voltage of a weldingsystem. Open circuit command, as used herein, includes a command used toset the open circuit voltage of a power supply. Voltage command, as usedherein, includes a command used to set the output voltage of a powersource.

Controller 407 also includes a weld control circuit 415 (which is alsopreferably software that sets parameter values) that is disposedelectrically between the fast-tack detect circuit and the power-sourcecontrol output and disposed electrically between the fast-tack detectcircuit and the wire-feed speed output. Weld control circuit 415 setsthe power source control outputs and the wire feed-speed control outputto values for a typical weld process if a fast-tack process is notdetected. Weld control circuit, as used herein, includes a controllerthat provides control outputs particularly suited for a typical weldingprocess.

This aspect of the invention is implemented in an alternative embodimentwith an inverter power source to dynamically changing the DI/DT of theinitial current at the point of contact. It would also allow tightercontrol at the start of the arc.

Another aspect of the invention relates to setting the run-in speed forthe welding process. This aspect is also preferably implemented with apower supply such as the Miller MM250®. Generally, the inventionprovides for using the weld wire feed speed front panel potentiometer toset a run-in wire feed speed percentage at power-up. Then, during normaloperation the run-in wire feed speed is that percentage of the weld wirefeed speed. When the user changes the weld wire feed speed, the run-inwire feed speed also changes (to maintain the percentage). Thepercentage is set using the knob during power-up.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a welding system 500 implementing the preferredembodiment is shown, and includes a welding power source 501, a wirefeeder 503 and a controller 505, that cooperate to form an arc 507.

Welding power source 501 is preferably a phase controlled power source,and has a welding power output connected to wire feeder 503. Wire feeder503 has a speed control input.

Controller 505, preferably a microprocessor controller, butalternatively an analog controller, has a speed control output connectedto the speed control input. The output has a weld wire speed set point,and a run-in wire speed set point. The run-in speed set point is auser-selected percentage of the weld wire speed set point. Thepercentage is between 25 percent and 150 percent, in the preferredembodiment.

The weld wire feed speed is received by controller 505, which includes arun-in set circuit. An input (called the percent input) of the run-inset circuit is connected to the weld wire feed speed input. An enableinput of the run-in set circuit is connected to a power-up signal and atrigger signal.

When the user wants to set the percentage, they hold the trigger atpower-up. When the enable input receives a trigger signal and a power-upsignal, the percentage is set based on the position of the wire feedspeed knob. Specifically, the operator control panel normally displaysvoltage and weld wire feed speed at run time. When the operatorinitiates the programmable run-in (by engaging the trigger duringpower-up) the top display will show dashes and the bottom display willshow the run-in percentage which was previously stored into non-volatilememory. The operator releases the gun trigger and the displays remainthe same until a significant change is made to the wire feed speedcontrol potentiometer. The bottom display then changes to show the newrun-in wire feed percentage between 25 and 150 as the wire feed speedcontrol potentiometer is moved between the fully counter clockwise andfully clockwise positions. The operator then sets the run-in wire speedpercentage as desired. When the operator engages the gun trigger asecond time, the run-in wire feed percentage previously displayed willbe stored and registered as the new run-in wire feed percentage.

If the operator does not engage the gun trigger while powering themachine, the previously stored run-in wire feed percentage is used. Ifthe operator initiates the run-in programming mode but does not changethe weld wire feed speed control potentiometer significantly while inthis mode, the previously stored run-in wire feed percentage is used.

An alternative provides that the enable circuit is responsive to auser-set toggle switch. Other alternatives include setting thepercentage using a digital input, inc/dec buttons, numeric pads, etc.

The next aspect of the invention relates to calibrating the controller,so that the command signals result in the desired outputs.

Generally, this aspect provides for digitally calibrating thecontroller, wherein a output commands are scaled to produce desiredresults. The scaling is preferably done using a line equation (correctedcommand=uncorrected command*constant slope+constant number). The lineparameters are determined by adjusting the output until two knownoutputs (min and max e.g.) are obtained during a calibration procedure,and comparing the actual user-adjustable setting to the setting thatshould have provided that output.

The invention preferably uses a microcontroller for factory calibration.The microcontroller uses a value from read only memory as the baselinefor each calibration, and provides the user the ability to store acalibration value into EEPROM. The user may also erase the calibrationvalue and revert back to the baseline value at any time.

The calibration apparatus preferably is performed using a calibrationpendant such as a handheld enclosure containing switches used for thecalibration process. Calibration pendant, as used herein, includes adetachable device used to calibrate a controller or a welding powersupply. The handheld enclosure includes a switch for each item beingcalibrated (voltage and wire feed speed in the preferred embodiment).The switches select the parameter being calibrated. A third switch isused to signal the microcontroller to enter the calibration mode, or toenable calibration.

The calibration mode is entered when power is applied to the unit, andthe user turns on one of the switches. Voltage calibration is performedby turning on the voltage switch, and adjusting the voltage controlpotentiometer on the operator control panel to achieve the desiredminimum voltage (14 volts e.g.) from the power source. After the minimumis obtained, the calibrate switch (the third switch) is turned on until“EP1” is shown on a display. Then, the user turns off the calibrateswitch and adjusts the voltage control potentiometer on the operatorcontrol panel to achieve the desired maximum voltage (28 volts e.g.)from the power source. Then, the user turns on the calibrate switchuntil “EP1” is shown on a display. Calibration mode is ended by turningoff the calibrate switch and the voltage switch.

Wire feed calibration is performed similarly, but the preferredembodiment uses the mid-speed and the max speed for calibration points.The controller uses these values to adjust the commands, and provide anaccurate output.

The calibrated values may be reset or erased by turning on the voltageor wire feed speed switch and turning the appropriate controlpotentiometer on the operator control panel to fully counter clockwise.Then, the calibrate switch is turned on until “EE1” or “EE2” is shown onthe display.

The calibration mode is exited by turning off all of the switches on thehandheld enclosure and recycling the power to the system.

The digital calibration provides calibration values having zero errortolerance, zero drift. One alternative provides for using a PC toprogram the calibration values into EEPROM directly, rather than thefirmware running on the microcontroller

Referring now to FIG. 6, a welding-type power suincludes a power source601, a wire feeder 603 and a controller 605. Controller 605 is amicroprocessor controller and includes a microcontroller.

Controller 605 is connected to the power source, and has user-selectableinputs, preferably potentiometers on a user control panel, for voltageand wire feed speed. It also has a calibration input 613 to receiveeither voltage or wire feed speed calibration values. Calibration input,as used herein, includes an input indicative of a calibration value,and/or indicative of a calibration mode. Calibration value, as usedherein, includes a value used to calibrate an output or input, such as ascaling factor, or such as one of two points used to create a scalingequation. Control inputs 615 receive the user-selectable set points forvoltage and wire feed speed.

Controller 605 includes an input-selection circuit 611 connected to thecontroller that enables one of calibration input 613 and set point input615, and disables the other of set point input 613 and calibration input615. A user-selectable toggle switch is connected to the input-selectioncircuit.

Numerous modifications may be made to the present invention which stillfall within the intended scope hereof. Thus, it should be apparent thatthere has been provided in accordance with the present invention amethod and apparatus for welding that fully satisfies the objectives andadvantages set forth above. Although the invention has been described inconjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that manyalternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all suchalternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spiritand broad scope of the appended claims.

1-52. (canceled)
 53. A welding-type power supply, comprising: a powersource; a controller, connected to the power source, and having at leastone set point input, and at least one calibration input; auser-selectable input connected to the at least one set point input, andfurther connected to the at least one calibration input.
 54. Thewelding-type power supply of claim 53, further comprising aninput-selection circuit, connected to the controller, wherein thecontroller enables one of the calibration input and set point input, anddisables the other of the set point input and calibration input.
 55. Thewelding-type power supply of claim 54, further comprising auser-selectable switch connected to the input-selection circuit.
 56. Thewelding-type power supply of claim 55, wherein the user selectableswitch is a toggle switch.
 57. The welding-type power supply of claim56, wherein the user-selectable input is a potentiometer on a usercontrol panel.
 58. The welding-type power supply of claim 54, whereinthe controller is a microprocessor controller.
 59. The welding-typepower supply of claim 58, wherein the microprocessor controller includesstorage of at least one user-selected calibration value received on thecalibration input.
 60. The welding-type power supply of claim 59,wherein the microprocessor controller includes storage of at least twouser-selected calibration values received on the calibration input, andwherein the microprocessor includes a scaling circuit that scales atleast one of a command output or a feedback output responsive to the atleast two user-selected calibration values.
 61. The welding-type powersupply of claim 60, wherein the microprocessor controller includes adigital output disposed to output the at least two user-selectedcalibration values.
 62. The welding-type power supply of claim 55,further comprising a calibration pendant, on which the toggle switch ismounted.
 63. The welding-type power supply of claim 53, wherein thecalibration input is an output voltage calibration input.
 64. Thewelding-type power supply of claim 53, further comprising: a wire feederconnected to the controller; and a second user selectable input; whereinthe controller includes a wire feed speed calibration input and a wirefeed speed set point input, both connected to the second user-selectableinput.
 65. A welding-type power supply, comprising: power means forproviding power; input means for receiving user-selectable input; andcontrol means, connected to the input means and the power means, forcontrolling the power means, and for selectively choosing one of a setpoint and a calibration value as a value received from the input means.66. The welding-type power supply of claim 65, further comprising meansfor the user to selectively choosing one of the set point and thecalibration value as the value received from the input means.
 67. Thewelding-type power supply of claim 65, including means for storing atleast one user-selected calibration value received on the calibrationinput.
 68. A method of calibrating a welding-type power supply, of thetype having a user-selectable set point input, comprising: detectingwhether or not the power supply is in a calibration mode; receiving avalue from the user-selectable set point input as a calibration value ifthe power supply is in the calibration mode; and receiving a value fromthe user-selectable set point input as a set point value if the powersupply is not in the calibration mode.
 69. The method of claim 68,further comprising receiving a user-selection indicating if the powersupply is in the calibration mode.
 70. The method of claim 68, furthercomprising storing the calibration value.